Escaping Gravity: My Quest to Transform NASA and Launch a New Space Age
Lori Garver
Diversion, 2022
NOTE: I should preface this by saying that, despite a long time in space affairs, I don't know Garver. We only talked once, and that was briefly at an AAS convention (where, frankly, I was irritated because what was announced as a speech on space policy was an end-to-end Clinton campaign commercial).
BOOK REVIEW
Lori Garver had an inside view during NASA’s
modern evolution towards commercial space, and this memoir includes her take on
the upheaval as NASA cancelled Constellation and made other changes that
eventually led to the Artemis plan. Garver headed the NASA transition team for
President-elect Barack Obama and eventually became NASA’s Deputy Administrator.
She will always best be known as one of the most influential promoters of
Commercial Crew, Commercial Orbital Transportation
Services (COTS), and other partnerships with the private sector.
I found myself agreeing with some of Garver's points about NASA. No matter how sharp and dedicated NASA's people are, it's just impossible for a large government agency 65 years old to avoid all ossification and the "we've always done it that way" syndrome. I was a New Space booster before the term existed, and Garver includes examples of the problem.
The book, though, is a bit mixed. A caution I always note in reviewing any memoir is that it relies on the author's recollection of private conversations, which are always subject to change over time. Other people mentioned here have different memories, but I’m reviewing her book here and not trying to judge conflicting accounts. This valuable book is marred by a relentless us-and-them against the old guard of astronauts and administrators, who she calls “cup boys” as a swipe at the number who kept their old military-unit mugs handy. There is not much nuance to the way she portrays the supposed dinosaurs of NASA’s past or herself and the new commercial “space pirates” as the heroes. She has only enthusiastically positive things to say about Musk and Bezos. They certainly deserve some acclaim—especially Musk, of whom I was a major admirer for his work at SpaceX—but it’s still part of an oversimplified narrative. Shoe does, though, admit to some mistakes on her part.
Garver was often criticized by her opponents in the agency as being a political appointee with only a superficial grasp of technology. I know how she feels being a non-engineer in space, but unfortunately, she does not do a great deal here to dispel that view. Her justification of Asteroid Redirect in particular vastly understates the complexity of the mission.
Garver is at her best discussing budgets and policy. She offers an unobstructed view of how the budgeting process within NASA works and the budget decisions at important moments such as the period following the Augustine Commission. She skewers the existing budgeting process and the way NASA accepted bad contract terms and left costs fuzzy. She maintains the traditionalists not only were wedded to old ways of doing things but would not trust companies except the established giant contractors for major spaceflight responsibilities. SpaceX was the obvious example, but there are others. As a small satellite and launcher enthusiast who knew everyone in that particular sector, I can confirm how true this was for the people trying to get NASA to notice new ventures. (To be fair, NASA has always had some small satellites and probes, certainly a better record than the military.)
Administrator Charles Bolden does not come off well in this book. Garver feels he was much too reluctant to say bluntly to the administration and Congress what the budget problems were and why they existed. She defends the cancellation of the increasingly unaffordable Constellation program, but she was not a fan of Bolden’s compromise that included the Space Launch System (SLS). If she is accurate. Bolden endorsed a non-SLS architecture one day and was talked out of it literally by the next day.
Garver continually felt like a target. She says
that, for promoting a shift away from NASA’s traditional approaches to human
spaceflight and incorporating commercial options, the view of “a cabal of
low-level functionaries led by me for driving an agenda that opposed human
Space Flight was cultivated by people with a self-interest in keeping the
existing program—including Charlie's own cup boys. Gaslighting prevailed.”
History will note she WAS consistently proven right on one thing—that SLS and
other traditional spaceflight programs were going to be far over budget and
years behind schedule. (It would be good to hear the recollections of President
Obama, but Garver is puzzled, as many were, that the President’s 700-page
memoir of this time in office gave space a couple of sentences despite the
massive changes under his administration.)
One thing I looked forward to in this book was her take on Bolden’s interview in Qatar. He said that President Obama had tasked him with three top goals, the foremost of which was to reach out to the Muslim world and help Muslim nations feel good about their historic contributions to science. The President's office and the Secretary of State's office adamantly denied anything of that sort had ever been said. As described here, Bolden was never able to pin it down in his subsequent statements, but he insisted it had been told to him by some appropriate official. Garver can’t find the origin either, leaving the impression it was a well-intentioned but flubbed bit of improv meant to nourish relations with his hosts.
Garver was a major promoter of commercial reusable suborbital vehicles for research. I would have liked to have seen it too, but that was one thing she never got going. Commercial firms eventually did start providing flights for tourists, and some experiments are carried on these.
Garver writes about the ridicule and disbelief SpaceX endured, not only because the older firms were afraid of them economically, but because many experienced people in NASA, the military, and industry held a genuine disbelief that these newcomers could do the job. She states, accurately enough, “The Air Force continued to award sole source contracts to ULA even after SpaceX was successfully flying national missions.”
I also looked forward to her comments on the
puzzling Asteroid Redirect mission. I’m biased here: I thought it was a highly
risky mission and the objectives were not worth that risk. Garver was a
promoter of the mission and helped get the Agency leadership to endorse it,
albeit never unanimously. She does get credit for one of the great briefing
titles ever: the briefing on the challenge posed by asteroids was called, “Be
Smarter than the Dinosaurs.” Her version of why the mission died was that it
didn't offer “enough lucrative cost-plus contracts” to the traditional
primes. She feels NASA still has a system that creates programs to suit
itself, including supporting those traditional primes, instead of programs
primarily justified by their scientific and other purposes.
She tells an interesting story about creating a
new vision statement for the agency. Garver and others came up with, “To
discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity” and “To reach for
new heights and reveal the unknown.” She doesn’t explain why neither said
anything about space, although some better language was added later. (See
Footnote)
Garver, an outspoken political liberal (another thread that winds through this book), spends some time on the role of women and minorities in what of course was overwhelmingly a white male pilot-driven culture until recently. Garver herself took a lot of inexcusable and sometimes illegal crap (that's the softest word I can come up with) from sexual harassers. She argues here that the agency still has a problem with diversity. Garver describes the creation of three major fellowships developing the next generation of leaders, a more diverse generation. She clearly does not believe there's any danger of undermining excellence by pushing for increased diversity, but it is unfortunate that she simply ignores that topic instead of refuting it. She recounts a scary list of negative feedback she got for changes in the agency, some of it directly or indirectly referring to her sex as well as her qualifications. She received verbal and e-mail harassment, harsh critiques she had no chance to answer that were circulated in Congress and elsewhere, and several death threats.
Garver’s book is most valuable for the history of the changes she worked on, especially in commercial involvement, which, looking back, have allowed progress NASA’s budget alone would not have permitted. Her ability to move the needle despite Bolden’s strong initial dislike of the Commercial Crew program was impressive. She ends this book with some fascinating accounts of attending key commercial launches, although she sours this a bit by closing with a harsh critique of defense spending that’s only partially relevant.
Bottom line, this is an important book. Garver had a ringside seat (she might, say, “Yeah, in the lion cage”) for pivotal events and offers a unique perspective. A library of the last two decades of NASA history wouldn’t be complete without it. The politics, the oversimplified battles with “the cup boys” and her moments of self-righteousness are all distractions, but this is her view, and she lets you know it.
There are no footnotes, but there is an extensive list of sources by chapter.
Footnote: I like NASA's current Vision and Mission statement much better.
Vision:
Exploring the secrets of the universe for the benefit of all.
Mission:
NASA explores the unknown in air and
space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through
discovery.
